Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility in Business...

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.0 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY As a result of modern corporate scandals and rapid development of international business environments, social responsibility (SR) has become a key aspect of corporate competitive contexts. (Brammer, Williams and Zinkin, 2007). Businesses are under increasing pressure to incorporate SR amongst their profit-driven aims and have become increasingly accountable for their social and environmental actions. Increased interest in CSR developed in the mid 1990s as consumers began to lack their former trust in companies due to both environmental and financial scandals and it became noticeable that society was moving towards values incorporating harmony,†¦show more content†¦(Smith, 2003) The Body Shop International (BSI) can be described as a company that uses a strategy attempting to link its social and moral values with profit gains. (Beck Dudley Heartman, 1999) Founded in England in 1976 by Anita Roddick, BSI is a global manufacturer and retailer of more than 1,2000 beauty and cosmetic products sold in over 60 countries. (Body Shop International Values Report). Since its opening, BSI has received more attention regarding their ethical values compared to their product line and sales. However, the company’s stance to be ethical and community minded have been largely criticized by the public. (Entine, Utne, 1995). Some critics and theorists view Social responsibility as a mere profit gaining scheme as the statement of being ‘socially responsible’ and the implementation of it being completely separate entities. The need for international companies to be aware of social responsibility and corporate governance practices is of increasing importance in today’s society for economic, social, legal and technological reasons. 3.1 ECONOMIC Research has shown that the implementation of SR and CG practices can result in a increase in firm value. The Organisation for Economic Development state that corporate governance is one important factor in improving both economic efficiency and increasing shareholder confidence. A study by Cui et al (2007) showed that companies with better corporate governance structuresShow MoreRelatedAccountability Is An Essential Ingredient Of Corporate Governance1242 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Accountability is an essential ingredient of corporate governance, and indeed is the reason for any corporate governance set up. This paper discusses the ways in which accountability contributes to corporate governance and vice versa, and the mechanisms by which organizations may become more accountable and transparent. Corporate governance and accountability are often interrelated in organizations and provides a focus for business practices that promote fairness, ethical behavior, andRead MoreTransparency Is Key Aspect of Corporate Governance1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies so there has to be transparency in company reporting. Transparency is key aspect of corporate governance because of implementing corporate governance this will allow stakeholders and shareholders to review and evaluate performance of management and the company this ensures that the board of directors and the executive directors of corporations act in the best interest of shareholders and the corporations. It is implementedRead MoreCorporate Governance And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pages8 Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility Learning Objectives In the wake of perusing this part, you will have the capacity to- â™ ¦ Define Corporate Governance and comprehend the expression partner â™ ¦ Explain different corporate administration activities in India and abroad â™ ¦ Understand Corporate Social Responsibility and the need and significance of being a Corporate Citizen â™ ¦ Explain the usage and rundown the advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility WhatRead More Corporate Governance and Ethics Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesit should not be done unethically and jeopardize the financial, social status as well as the reputation of the company, ultimately causing them to suffer in the end. There are systems put into place to avoid such acts that are generally overseen by the board of the directors of organization. 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It is through the understanding the relationship between corporate governance and business ethics, evaluating the ASX principles as a guidelines to corporate governance and analyzingRead MoreEffective Governance And Sustainability : An Definition Of Sustainable Development1398 Words   |  6 PagesEffective governance and sustainability are increasingly important considerations for governments, organizations, business leaders, investors, consumers and many other stakeholders throughout the world. Good corporate governance and complexity of sustainable development demands for global cooperation, based mainly on joint co-ordination of strategies and adopting of the be st decisions. 1.1 Definition of sustainable Development: the term sustainable development was popularized in our common futureRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Corporate Governance Framework1680 Words   |  7 Pageswhy a good corporate governance framework must incorporate stakeholder accountability. For the purpose of this paper, the term stakeholder governance will be used to incorporate all aspects of stakeholder accountability and engagement, that is; dialogue, decision making, transparent operations and implementation of solutions to common problems or goals. The first part of this paper will describe how the landscape has changed for business operations due to environmental, economic and social reasonsRead MoreMilton Friedman s Philosophy Of Corporate Responsibility1317 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman’s philosophy of corporate responsibility is that â€Å"social matters are not the concern of business people and that these problems should be resolved by the unfettered workings of the free market system†. As harsh as it may sound, what he mean course to say was that a business has â€Å"to make as much money as possible while conforming to basic rules of society†. Meanwhile, Archie Carroll’s philosophy states that a business has â€Å"four kinds of social responsibilities† that a firm must addressRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of India Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN INDIA â€Å"Crossing the Bridge from Knowing to doing† Jasleen Kaur Luthra* â€Å"Successful people have a social responsibility to make the world a better place and not just take from it.† Carie Underwood Abstract The 21st century is characterized by unprecedented challenges and opportunities, arising from globalization, the desire forRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environment

Essay on George Washingtons Pesidency - 1178 Words

George Washingtons Presidency George Washington is regarded as a natural leader and the father of our country. He was the first president under the Constitution, not the first president of the United States. From the very beginning, he came into a job full of problems and a mile long to-do list. He had to set up the Judiciary Branch, deal with uprisings and conflicts between the natives and the western settlers, and try to keep together a nation that was falling apart. He created a group of advisors (the cabinet) to help him with certain issues. He had a few things on his mind at the time such as: stay out of a war, build up revenue to pay off Revolutionary War debt, and try to make peace with England. Washington was a natural†¦show more content†¦The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a six member supreme court. It was comprised of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. It had jurisdiction over all civil actions between states, or between a state and the United States. Also in the act it created thirteen Judicial Districts. Within these Judicial Districts were circuit courts and district courts. After finishing the Judicial Branch, Washington finally got time to create the Executive Branch. The first offices created were the Secretary of the State, (headed by Thomas Jefferson) the Secretary of the Treasury, (headed by Alexander Hamilton) the Secretary of War, (headed by Henry Knox) the Postmaster General, (headed by Samuel Osgood) and the Attorney General (headed by Edmund Randolph). These offices became the backbone for the Presidential Cabinet. On July 27, 1789, Washington signed a bill into law reauthorizing an Executive Department of Foreign Affairs headed by a Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Washington was the major player to the creation of the United States Government under the constitution. He did more in his first months in office than any other president so far. He was the best man for the job and the only man. There is no way that anyone can do as much for the government as Washington did so. He did a great job of setting up other courts around the

Becomin a Dentist Assistant Free Essays

Dental assistants work closely with, and under the supervision of, dentists. (See the statement on dentists elsewhere in the Handbook. ) Assistants perform a variety of patient care, office, and laboratory duties. We will write a custom essay sample on Becomin a Dentist Assistant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dental assistants should not be confused with dental hygienists, who are licensed to perform different clinical tasks. (See the statement on dental hygienists elsewhere in the Handbook. ) Dental assistants sterilize and disinfect instruments and equipment, prepare and lay out the instruments and materials required to treat each patient, and obtain patients’ dental records. Assistants make patients as comfortable as possible in the dental chair and prepare them for treatment. During dental procedures, assistants work alongside the dentist to provide assistance. They hand instruments and materials to dentists and keep patients’ mouths dry and clear by using suction or other devices. They also instruct patients on postoperative and general oral health care. Dental assistants may prepare materials for impressions and restorations, take dental x rays, and process x-ray film as directed by a dentist. They also may remove sutures, apply topical anesthetics to gums or cavity-preventive agents to teeth, remove excess cement used in the filling process, and place rubber dams on the teeth to isolate them for individual treatment. Some States are expanding dental assistants’ duties to include tasks such as coronal polishing and restorative dentistry functions for those assistants that meet specific training and experience requirements. Dental assistants with laboratory duties make casts of the teeth and mouth from impressions, clean and polish removable appliances, and make temporary crowns. Those with office duties schedule and confirm appointments, receive patients, keep treatment records, send bills, receive payments, and order dental supplies and materials. Work environment. Dental assistants work in a well-lighted, clean environment. Their work area usually is near the dental chair so that they can arrange instruments, materials, and medication and hand them to the dentist when needed. Dental assistants must wear gloves, masks, eyewear, and protective clothing to protect themselves and their patients from infectious diseases. Assistants also follow safety procedures to minimize the risks associated with the use of x-ray machines. About half of dental assistants have a 35- to 40-hour workweek. Most of the rest work part-time or have variable schedules. Depending on the hours of the dental office where they work, assistants may have to work on Saturdays or evenings. Some dental assistants hold multiple jobs by working at dental offices that are open on different days or scheduling their work at a second office around the hours they work at their primary office. Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement [About this section] Back to Top Back to Top Many assistants learn their skills on the job, although an increasing number are trained in dental-assisting programs offered by community and junior colleges, trade schools, technical institutes, or the Armed Forces. Education and training. High school students interested in a career as a dental assistant should take courses in biology, chemistry, health, and office practices. For those wishing to pursue further education, the Commission on Dental Accreditation within the American Dental Association (ADA) approved 269 dental-assisting training programs in 2006. Programs include classroom, laboratory, and preclinical instruction in dental-assisting skills and related theory. In addition, students gain practical experience in dental schools, clinics, or dental offices. Most programs take 1 year or less to complete and lead to a certificate or diploma. Two-year programs offered in community and junior colleges lead to an associate degree. All programs require a high school diploma or its equivalent, and some require science or computer-related courses for admission. A number of private vocational schools offer 4- to 6-month courses in dental assisting, but the Commission on Dental Accreditation does not accredit these programs. A large number of dental assistants learn through on-the-job training. In these situations, the employing dentist or other dental assistants in the dental office teach the new assistant dental terminology, the names of the instruments, how to perform daily duties, how to interact with patients, and other things necessary to help keep the dental office running smoothly. While some things can be picked up easily, it may be a few months before new dental assistants are completely knowledgeable about their duties and comfortable doing all of their tasks without assistance. A period of on-the-job training is often required even for those that have completed a dental-assisting program or have some previous experience. Different dentists may have their own styles of doing things that need to be learned before an assistant can be comfortable working with them. Office-specific information, such as where files are kept, will need to be learned at each new job. Also, as dental technology changes, dental assistants need to stay familiar with the tools and procedures that they will be using or helping dentists to use. On-the-job training is often sufficient to keep assistants up-to-date on these matters. Licensure. Most States regulate the duties that dental assistants are allowed to perform. Some States require licensure or registration, which may include passing a written or practical examination. There are a variety of schools offering courses—approximately 10 to 12 months in length—that meet their State’s requirements. Other States require dental assistants to complete State-approved education courses of 4 to 12 hours in length. Some States offer registration of other dental assisting credentials with little or no education required. Some States require continuing education to maintain licensure or registration. A few States allow dental assistants to perform any function delegated to them by the dentist. Individual States have adopted different standards for dental assistants who perform certain advanced duties. In some States, for example, dental assistants who perform radiological procedures must complete additional training. Completion of the Radiation Health and Safety examination offered by Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) meets the standards in more than 30 States. Some States require completion of a State-approved course in radiology as well. Certification and other qualifications. Certification is available through the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) and is recognized or required in more than 30 States. Certification is an acknowledgment of an assistant’s qualifications and professional competence and may be an asset when one is seeking employment. Candidates may qualify to take the DANB certification examination by graduating from an ADA-accredited dental assisting education program or by having 2 years of full-time, or 4 years of part-time, experience as a dental assistant. In addition, applicants must have current certification in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For annual recertification, individuals must earn continuing education credits. Other organizations offer registration, most often at the State level. Dental assistants must be a second pair of hands for a dentist; therefore, dentists look for people who are reliable, work well with others, and have good manual dexterity. Advancement. Without further education, advancement opportunities are limited. Some dental assistants become office managers, dental-assisting instructors, dental product sales representatives, or insurance claims processors for dental insurance companies. Others go back to school to become dental hygienists. For many, this entry-level occupation provides basic training and experience and serves as a steppingstone to more highly skilled and higher paying jobs. Employment [About this section] Back to Top Back to Top Dental assistants held about 280,000 jobs in 2006. Almost all jobs for dental assistants were in offices of dentists. A small number of jobs were in the Federal, State, and local governments or in offices of physicians. About 35 percent of dental assistants worked part time, sometimes in more than one dental office. Job Outlook [About this section] Back to Top Back to Top Employment is expected to increase much faster than average; job prospects are expected to be excellent. Employment change. Employment is expected to grow 29 percent from 2006 to 2016, which is much faster than the average for all occupations. In fact, dental assistants are expected to be among the fastest growing occupations over the 2006-16 projection period. Population growth, greater retention of natural teeth by middle-aged and older people, and an increased focus on preventative dental care for younger generations will fuel demand for dental services. Older dentists, who have been less likely to employ assistants or have employed fewer, are leaving the occupation and will be replaced by recent graduates, who are more likely to use one or more assistants. In addition, as dentists’ workloads increase, they are expected to hire more assistants to perform routine tasks, so that they may devote their own time to more complex procedures. Job prospects. Job prospects for dental assistants should be excellent. In addition to job openings due to employment growth, numerous job openings will arise out of the need to replace assistants who transfer to other occupations, retire, or leave for other reasons. Many opportunities for entry-level positions offer on-the-job training, but some dentists prefer to hire experienced assistants or those who have completed a dental-assisting program. How to cite Becomin a Dentist Assistant, Papers

Masaccio Innovator Of Perspective And Illusion Essay Example For Students

Masaccio Innovator Of Perspective And Illusion Essay Considered the greatest Florentine painter of the early 1400s, Masaccio is one of the most important figures of Western Art. Tommaso di ser Giovanni Cassai di Simon Guidi was born in 1401 and nicknamed Masaccio Careless Tom because of his attitude. He was apathetic to things like personal appearance and worldly materials, and was thus careless with his possessions. As a child, he concentrated more on his art instead of himself and what others thought about him. He moved from Castel S. Giovanni di Altura to Florence in 1417 to become a pupil of Masolino di Panicale. There, he helped upon innovations of art. In 1422 and 1424, he enrolled in the guild of St. Luke of Florentine Painters. After becoming jaded at the medieval art, Masaccio wanted to make art more realistic and true to life. He constantly studied the idea of perspective in an effort to make his paintings appear natural. Few paintings can be undoubtedly credited to Masaccio, but these are considered masterpieces nonetheless. His greatest work was done on the frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence. These frescoes were started by Masolino and ultimately completed by Fillipinno Lippi years after Masaccios death. This chapel is now a significant monument in the history of art. These frescoes had a tremendous impact on Florentine art thereof, and were used as a basis to teach new artists like Michelangelo and Raphael. It is on these walls that Masaccio created -Expulsion from Eden and The Tribute Money, and many others with Biblical subjects. Probably his most famous, The Tribute Money, gives a superb example of linear perspective, atmospheric perspective, the separation of lines, and the classic color theory. Linear perspective is a mathematical system of fixing objects on a plane of a two dimensional surface. This also involves orthogonals, imaginary lines receding into the distance, horizon line, the horizontal line at the viewers eye level, and vanishing point, where the orthogonals come together. Atmospheric perspective is slightly different. It creates the illusion of depth through methods like color saturation, brightness angle, and texture angle. The classic color theory is another way of emphasizing space in the painting. The theory says that warm colors appear to advance while cool colors recede. This is why Masaccio painted red and orange-clothed figures with a blue and gray background in The Tribute Money. Painters including Masaccio developed the separation of planes in the 14th century. It is the technique of overlapping planes to create depth by using a foreground, middleground, and background. Perhaps the most mysterious thing about Masaccio is his death. Leaving the chapel unfinished, he left for Rome and died and the young age of twenty seven in 1428. It is speculated that he was poisoned, but there are no certain records of this. He was buried at the church of the Carmine in 1443. His friend, Brunelleschi was very troubled after hearing about this because Masaccio had given him many tips in perspective and architecture. Notwithstanding his early death, Masaccios creations would still be looked upon as a paragon of illusion for years to come. -Sometimes referred to as the forerunner of Michelangelo, Masaccio was, with Donatello and Brunelleschi, one of the founders of the Florentine Renaissance,- according to Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Masaccio is essentially remembered because of his imaginative use of perspective, and this originality will place him in the same stratum as Giotto and Michelangelo.

Aspirin Essay Example

Aspirin Essay In this aspirin course work I will be investigating different types of aspirin and making aspirin. I will be looking at all the process taken to make aspirin and all the ingredients in aspirin.I Will be:Extracting some salicylic acid (2-hyroxy benzoic acid) from willow twigs or bark.OCOHOH2- hydroxy benzoic acid structureWe will also be learning about TLC (thin layer chromatograph), and its uses to confirm the identity of compounds. Calculating percentage yield carrying out melting points.My assignment will be structured into four tasks:Task 1- a survey of aspirin containing medicines and the medical uses of aspirin.Task 2-extracting and identifying the active chemical in willow barkTask 3- comparing methods for making and purifying aspirinTask 4- analysingTask 1- a survey of aspirin containing medicines uses of aspirinName of aspirinAdult/childrenPriceDoseIngredientsContra-indicatorsAscriptinChildren over the age of 12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.492 caplets every 4 hours while symptoms persist, not to exceed 12 caplets in 24 hours, or as directed by a doctor for arthritis therapy. Drink a full glass of water with each dose.Aluminum Hydroxide Dried Gel (80mg), Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide (80mg), Aspirin (500 mg)Do not use if taking a prescription drug for anticoagulation (blood thinning), diabetes, gout, or arthritis unless directed by a doctor. Antacids may interact with certain prescription drugs. If you are presently taking a prescription drug, do not take this product without checking with your doctor or other health professional.Alka-seltzer plus12 and overà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.87Take 2 tablets fully dissolved in water for every 4 hoursAcetaminophen 250mg (Pain Reliever/Fever Reducer), Chlorpheniramine Maleate 2mg (Antihistamine), Phenylephrine HCI 5 mg (Nasal Decongestant)Do not use if you are allergic to aspirin this product if you are on a sodium restricted diet unless directed by a doctorAnacin12 and overà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.792 tablets every 6 hours do not exceed 8 ca psules in 24 hoursAspirinDo not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other pain reliever/fever reducer.BayerAdults and children over the of 12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.49Take 1 or 2 tablets with water every 4 hours. Do not exceed 12 tablets in 24 hours unless directed by a doctor.Aspirin 325mgDo not take this product if you are taking a prescription drug for anticoagulation (thinning the blood), diabetes, gout or arthritis unless directed by a doctor.AspergumAdults and children over the age of 12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.49Chew 2 tablets every 4 hours, not to exceed 16 tablets in 24 hours, or as directed by a doctor.Aspirin (227 mg (3.5 gr))Do not take this product if you are taking a prescription drug for anticoagulation (thinning the blood), diabetes, gout, or arthritis unless directed by a doctor.Task 2- Extraction and identification of the active chemical from willow barkIn this practical we have to extract some salicylic acid from willow bark. We had to reflux it, which allows you to h eat it for a long time period without losing any liquids.Then we have to use thin layer chromatography to help us to confirm its identity.Apparatus* Reflux apparatus* 250cm3 beaker* 2 dropping tubes or melting-point tubs* Sulphuric acid* Potassium manganate* Iodine crystals* Willow twigs or bark* Coffee grinderWe do not have access to a batch reactor that is used in factories to make aspirin so the pear shaped flask would act as the batch reactor. This is were all of the reacting will take place.Method* Take a sample of fresh twigs or bark from a willow tree and chop them into fine pieces using a coffee grinder.* Set up a flask with a reflux condenser. In the flask place some of the fresh twigs or bark.* Cover the twigs with a mixture containing equal volumes of 2moldm-3 sulphuric acid and 0.2moldm-3 potassium manganate solution.* Reflux for 15 minuets.* While the mixture is still warm pour the mixture into a 25ocm3 beaker. It is not important if some bark comes with it. Carefully a dd further portions of a mixture of 2moldm-3 sulphuric acid and 2moldm-3 potassium manganate solution. With stirring until the volume is three times bigger. You must take great caution in handling the apparatus because it is extremely hot.Thin layer chromatography (TLC)Chromatography can be used to separate a mixture of components. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be obtained. Modern high performance techniques can identify trace impurities in samples. Chromatography can also be used to separate mixtures on a large scale. There is a range of related techniques. All work on the same principle. A delivery system supplies a mobile phase, which is moved through a stationary phase. The mobile phase, which is usually a solvent, carries the substance being analysed through the stationary phase. This is called elietion. A stationary phase often consists of a liquid system is used to monitor the separated components. A component is attracted to both mobile and stationery phases. Th e relative strength of attraction for each phase is important. A component strongly attracted to the stationary phase will be held back one strongly attracted to the mobile phase will pass through rapidly. Separated is achieved when components have different relative attractions for the two phases.ChromatographyMobile phaseStationary phaseThin-layerLiquid solventAl2 03 or Si 02 (often bounded together with CaSo3 and supported on a plastic sheet or glass plate this is called a TLC plate)PaperLiquid solventH20 can the surface of absorbent chromatography paper and therefore support by the cellulose fibres in paper)Gas layerInter gas (usually N2 or Ar )Liquid often a silicone gum (supported on suitable solid particles in a glass or metal tube)High performance liquidLiquid solventSmall solid particles (packed tightly in a tube usually stainless steel)When identifying the components some of them will be coloured and so will be visible but often they will not be visible. So then there are a lot of techniques thats can used to see them:* Specially pre-treated plates when exposed to ultraviolet light reveal substances as pale purple spots. Be careful not to look at the light for too long.* Exposure of plates to develops e.g. iodine vapour of chemical reagents which are sprayed on the plate after separation.* Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers be careful when using radioactive isotopes. X-ray film is placed over the palate for a period of time. The positions of the components show up as dark spots when the film is developed. The degree of darkness indicates the amount of radiation and therefore the concentration of the component.MethodApparatus* Small beaker* T.l.c plates* Clingfilm or lid* Methanol* U.v lamp* Glass tube* Salicylic acid in ethanol* Take a piece of pre-dried thin-layer chromatography sheet, which will fit, into a small beaker. Dissolve a small quantity of the substance to be investigated in a solvent.* Draw a base line using a graphite pencil on the palate. It should be just above the level that will be reached by the solvent in the beaker. Apply the solution the palate using a finely drawn out glass tube.* The spot formed by the solution should be as small as possible. This is because components that do not separate well, will tend to overlap if large spots are made.* Put the solvent in the beaker and cover it with cling film or a lid. Leave for 10 minutes to allow the atmosphere to saturate. Stand the plate in the beaker and replace the lid.* When the solvent front is near the top of the plate remove the plate. Mark the position of the solvent front.Set up for the thin layer chromatographyChromatographypaper lidSolvent frontBaselinebeakersolventPure 2 hydroxy benzoic acid my sample of purified 2 hydroxy benzoicAcidTask 3- comparing methods for making and purifying aspirinOCOOH COH OHOC+ (CH3 CO) 2O +CH3 COOH CH3Salicylic acid ethanoic anhydride acetylsalicylic acid (vinegar)(2-hydroxbenzoic acid) (Aspirin)Method 1Apparat us* 2-hydroxybenzoic acid* 100ml beaker* Ethanoic anhydride* Concentrated sulphuric acid* Distilled water* 250ml beaker* Vacuum filtration equipment (buchiner funnels, buchiner flasks, tubes andFilter paper)* Ethanol* Melting point apparatusBuchner funnel setupWeigh 5.0g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid in a 100ml beaker. Add 10ml of ethanoic anhydride with care stir to dissolve the solid. Add 12 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid stir continuously to prevent charring. Cool the mixture to room temperature and add it to 150 ml of distilled water to a 250 ml beaker.Filter the solid produced under vacuum filtration, wash with 50ml of distilled water. Re-crystallise the solid using a 50:50, which means equal quantities of distilled water and ethanoic acid as a solvent say about 10mls each. Filter, dry the product and take the melting points then store the products.We then had to work out the percentage yield and theoretical yield.Sample 1Theoretical yield(Maximum yield possible) = 138g 180g1g 1801385g 1805138Theoretical = 6.52Percentage yield= Actual yield 100Theoretical yield= 0.32 1006.52= 4.91gMethod 2Apparatus* Quickfit flask* 2-hydroxybenzoic acid* Phosphoric acid* Reflux apparatus* Distilled water* 250ml beaker* Glass rod* Ice* Vacuum filtration equipment* Melting point apparatus* Test tubeAdd the following to a 100ml quickfit flask 50.0g of 2-hyroxybenzoic acid and 10ml of ethanoic anhydride. Then add 12 drops of 85% phosphoric acid and swirl to mix. Fits a reflux condenser heat the mixture for about 10 minutes in a water bath without cooling add 5ml of water down the condenser. When the vigorous reaction has ended pour the mixture into a 100ml of cold water in a 250ml beaker.Cool to room temperature. Stir and rub the sides of the beaker with a glass rod to start crystallisation. Stand the beaker in an ice bath to complete the crystallisation process. Filter under a vacuum wash with a little water. Re-crystallise the solid from hot water dry the product in a dryi ng cabinet weight the product record its melting point. Calculate the yield and store the product in a labelled test tube.For each of the samples we made we had to use tlc to identify any impurities in our products. To do the tlc we needed 250ml beaker with Clingfilm or a lid, 5-10mls of solvent which is ethyl ethanoate mixed with a few drops of ethanoic acid. We had to spot the tlc plate with the following pure aspirin, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, make the solvent front, remove from the beaker and dry. We then had to look at the plate with a uv lamp and mark out the position of the spots.Sample 2Percentage yield= Actual yield 100Theoretical yield= 3.34 1006.52= 51.2gResultsProduct 1Product 2Weight0.323.34Melting point125172Tlc0.850.90Task 4- analysing aspirinRF (relative to the front) valuesThe distance a component moves relative to the solvent front is called its RF value.The equation is RF=distance moved by componentDistance moved by solvent frontSolvent frontchromatography paperBasel inePure sampleMy sampleUse a ruler to measure the length from the baseline to A then from the baseline to the solvent front then do the same for the other sample.Task2 results for TLCRF= 3.8 =0.5 my sample8.4RF=4.3 =0.5 pure sample8.4The sample that I made is pure compared to the pure sample that we testedTask3 method 1Solvent front= 8.2 cmPure aspirin=7.1cmMethod 1= 7.0cmMethod 2= 7.4cm2-hydrcxybenzoic acid= 6.4cmRF= 7.08.2 = 0.85 method 1RF= 7.48.2 = 0.89 method 2RF= 7.1 = 0.85 pure aspirin8.2RF= 7.48.2 =0.77 2-hydroxybenzoic acidProblemsSome of the problems that I encountered are not filtering the samples properly so when I took it out it was still mushy, so what I did to correct that was I had to put it into an oven for it to dry out. Or I could have filtered it again. Another problem that I had was when I was filtering my products the vacuum didnt have enough pressure for it to work that way it wouldnt of got filtered properly. So what I had to do to correct that problem is I h ad to open the tap as far as I could push the buchiner funnel into the flask and push in the tubes so that way there would be more pressure.Interpretation of the resultsThe thin layer chromatography (TLC) results tell me that my 2-hydrography benzoic acid (Salicylic acid) that I produced is not pure. Some of the reasons could be:* There were same impurities* Some of it didnt get converted properly* I did something wrong in the preparationMy first sample gave me a pure sample compared to the pure aspirin I tested. My second product wasnt pure I think this was because there were some impurities in the product or I did something wrong in the preparation.My method 1 gave me a very small yield maybe it was because we did something wrong or maybe there were was some impurities in it. I could see all of the crystals in the product. And my product was bright white.My method 2 gave me a very large yield but for some reason it was discoloured and it was light pink. I also couldnt see any crys tals.My results (TLC, melting points) tell me about my 2 products that the product 1 has a small yield therefore the yield is more pure. Were as my product 2 has a big yield so the yield is not that pure. My results also tells me that maybe the reason why my product 2s boiling point was so high because the impurities that were in it had I high melting point. My results tell me that if you want pure aspirin in small batches you should use method 1, but if you want a lot of aspirin but not that pure you should use method 2. but I think that method 1 is the best method because you dont need to heat it up for that long and the sample is pure.EvaluationThe literature value of aspirin is 1350C my sample for method 1 had a melting point of 1250C, which is quite close to the literature value, but it is not the same. Maybe this is because there were some impurities in my product or I did something wrong in the preparation stages.My sample for method 2 had a melting point of 1720C, which is v ery far from the literature value of aspirin this is mainly because there were some impurities in my sample making the melting point higher.Comparison with industrial processes of aspirin productionIn a factory were they make aspirin some of the processes that require precision, strength, time or knowledge are not done by humans they are done by machines or computers. The processes that are replaced by automation are:* The equipment and chemicals are transported on conveyor belts* Computers control the temperature* All of the processes that are done over night are done by computers* All of the filtration processes are done by computers* Controlling the batch reactor* PurificationSome of the advantages of using machines and computers to do most of the work is:* They are more precise* More accurate than humans* They work none stop* They are more cheaper* They are more stronger* Faster* More accurate* No errors* More durable

What to Do If You Have a Family Emergency in College

What to Do If You Have a Family Emergency in College Even though college students are often mocked for not living in the real world, many students do, in fact, deal with major life situations and events. Unexpected family illnesses, financial situations, deaths, and other events can happen during your time in college. Unfortunately, your academics might end up paying the price simply because you cant manage everything all at the same time. (And when faced with a major family emergency, its unrealistic to expect yourself to manage everything anyway.) If you find yourself faced with a family emergency in college, take a deep breath and spend 20-30 minutes doing the following. While it might seem like you dont have the time now, this small allotment of effort can do wonders for keeping your academics and college situation in check. Notify Your Professors and ​​Academic Adviser You dont have to go into too much detail, but you do need to let your professors know whats going on. Be as honest as you can without being dramatic. Let them know: What has happenedWhat it means for things like your class attendance, assignments, etc.What your next steps are, whether its an emergency trip home for the weekend or a longer absenceHow they can contact youWhen and how youll be contacting them next Ideally, everyone will then be aware of your situation and wont penalize you for having to miss class, be late on an assignment, etc. Additionally, your adviser should reach out in response and offer you some resources that can help with your situation. Tell the People You Live With Whats Going On Again, you dont need to share more than you need to. But your roommates might wonder whats going on if you leave without telling them for a few days; similarly, your RA might start to be concerned if he or she sees you missing class and/or coming and going at odd hours. Even if you just leave a note or send an email, its better to let people know that, for example, youre heading home to visit a sick relative than to cause undue worry or concern over your unexplained absence. Spend a Minute Thinking About Your Financial Situation Does this family emergency have financial consequences for you? Do you need to find funds right away for a flight home, for example? Does this emergency have a larger impact on your financial aid? It might seem awkward, but being aware of how your changed situation might affect your financial status is important. You can send a quick email to the financial aid office or even pop in for an emergency appointment. The staff there knows that life happens while youre in school, and you might be pleasantly surprised at the resources they have available for students in your situation. Think About Using the ​Counseling Center By their nature, emergencies cause turmoil, unrest, and all kinds of mixed (and often unwanted) emotions. At many (if not most!) institutions, visits to your campus counseling center are included in your tuition and fees. Even if you arent sure what youre feeling or how to feel about the situation, a visit to the counseling center might be a smart idea. Spend a minute or two calling the center to make an appointment they might have emergency slots open or at least finding out what resources are available if you decide you want them later. Tap Into Your Support Systems Whether its your best friend on campus or a favorite auntie who lives 3,000 miles away if youre facing an emergency family situation, check-in with those who support you the best. A quick phone call, text message, email, or even video chat can do wonders to update them as well as provide you with some love and support. Dont be afraid to reach out at a time you need them the most to those who love you the most. After all, if your friend or loved one were in your situation, you likely would be more than happy to support him or her however possible. Let yourself be supported by those around you as you deal with your situation.

Mona Lisa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mona Lisa - Research Paper Example 71). The Mona Lisa has an allure that can’t be explained, its popularity to a level where almost anyone in the Western world will recognize the work. Furthermore, the image has become a part of pop art, its imagery of a serene woman with a slight smile gracing items from merchandise such as coffee mugs, t-shirts, and greeting cards. The work has been taken by other artists and re-imagined into their own conceptualization, the imagery a part of the public sphere, thus subject to being used to created post-modern commentary on the consumerist culture. The Mona Lisa is the most famous piece of art in the world, the skill with which it was rendered now secondary to the iconic impact that it has upon popular culture. The Mona Lisa was begun in 1503 and finished in 1506. The work represents all that was best within the discoveries that were made during the Renaissance in painting towards representing reality. The painting uses finely crafted perspective, with all lines converging to wards a singular point. The painting is an example of geometric scaling within a painting, the symmetry and harmony of the piece provided through the triangulation of the composition. Da Vinci used chiaroscuro techniques, the use of light and shadow, to model the curves and features of his subject. Dark undertones were used to create a foundation from which he used multiple layers of thin, semi-transparent glazes, a technique called sfumato. One of the most significant changes in the history of art is represented by the Mona Lisa as the movement was begun away from wall frescos and toward oil paintings that were done on an easel which changed the way in which painted art was most often formed (Strickland & Boswell, 1992, p. 34). It is possible that the piece represents the wife of Giocondo, a Florentine merchant (Strickland & Boswell, 1992, p. 34). However, both because Leonardo da Vinci was known to be a strikingly handsome man with fine features, and the similarities that exist in the basic structure of Mona Lisa’s face to his own, there is some speculation that this is a self-portrait with gender reversal, an examination of how he would look if he was a woman (Cremante & Pedretti, 2005, p. 248). The painting infamously seems to hold a secret, the slight, serene smile suggesting that something more is being shown than what is most obvious in the work. Therefore, the Mona Lisa, with its unclear subject and chaste, yet seductive mystery, is a work that has held the interest of the public since it was put on display in the Louvre and the world was introduced to her. The work is known as the most famous work of art in the world. According to Sassoon (2002), an Italian opinion poll conducted in February of 2000 asked the question â€Å"What do you think is the best known painting in the world?†. The overwhelming response at a rate of 85.8% was the Mona Lisa (p. 9). However, the reasons behind its popularity are hazy, an unclear path that is hard to fully determine. The rise of popularity in the 20th century might be due to the theft that occurred in 1911. The painting was missing for almost two years, thus creating a further mystery around the mythology of the work that is only enhanced by the mysterious look of the woman in the portrait. According to Strickland and Bosewell (1992), between 1911 and 1952, at least 61 recreations by other artists had come into existence, the iconic history of the painting then going fully commercial with the works of Andy Warhol and Jasper Johns making